$ \newcommand{\R}{\mathbb{R}} \newcommand{\C}{\mathbb{C}} \newcommand{\K}{\mathbb{K}} \newcommand{\Kb}{\mathbb{K}} \newcommand{\iic}[2]{[\![#1, #2]\!]} \newcommand{\inv}[1]{{#1}^{-1}} \newcommand{\IntEnt}[2]{[\![#1, #2]\!]} \newcommand{\iic}[2]{[\![#1,#2]\!]} \newcommand{\application}[5]{#1:\left\{\begin{array}{ccl}#2 & \longrightarrow & #3 \\ #4 & \longmapsto & #5 \end{array}\right.} \newcommand{\GroSym}[1]{\mathrm S_{#1}} \newcommand{\GroLinMat}[2]{{\rm GL}_{#1}\left(\mathbb {#2}\right)} \newcommand{\ds}{\displaystyle} \newcommand{\somme}[3]{\displaystyle\sum_{#1}^{#2}#3} \newcommand{\pgcd}{{\bf pgcd}} \newcommand{\ppcm}{{\bf ppcm}} \newcommand{\im}{{\rm Im}} $